Mouth sores can arise from various causes such as infections, trauma, and tobacco use. It’s important to seek medical care for certain mouth sores, especially those with white patches or that develop after starting a new medication.
What Are Mouth Sores?
Mouth sores are common and affect many people at some point. They can appear on any soft tissue inside the mouth, including the lips, cheeks, gums, tongue, and roof or floor of the mouth. These sores are usually a minor irritation, lasting only 1 or 2 weeks. However, in some cases, they may indicate more serious conditions like infections or mouth cancer.
What Do Mouth Sores Look Like?
Mouth sores can vary in appearance depending on the cause, ranging from white, yellow, red, or purple patches to ulcers or blisters. Below are images of different types of mouth sores to help identify them. If you have unexplained or recurring mouth sores, it’s best to consult a doctor.
Types of Mouth Sores
Canker Sores
Canker sores, also known as aphthous ulcers, appear as small, oval-shaped ulcers with a white, gray, or yellow center surrounded by a red halo. Though common and harmless, they can be painful. Most heal within 1 to 2 weeks, but recurring sores may be linked to conditions like Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, or vitamin deficiencies.
Causes of Canker Sores:
- Trauma (biting the cheek, burns)
- Allergies or sensitivities
- Weakened immune system
- Vitamin deficiencies (B12, folate)
- Stress or hormone changes
Cold Sores
Cold sores, caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), appear as fluid-filled blisters near the mouth or lips. They may tingle or burn before appearing and usually last 1 to 2 weeks. HSV-1 can remain dormant and reactivate during times of stress or illness, causing outbreaks. Cold sores are contagious and can spread through contact with the blisters or even when no sores are visible.
Folate Deficiency and Anemia
Folate deficiency or anemia can cause mouth sores that resemble canker sores. Folate is crucial for cell repair, and anemia can result from a lack of folate or iron, reducing red blood cell count. Symptoms of anemia include fatigue, weakness, and pale gums.
Gingivostomatitis
Gingivostomatitis is an infection of the mouth and gums, often seen in children. It causes sores on the gums or cheeks and is commonly linked to viral infections like HSV-1 or bacterial infections. Symptoms include swollen gums and pain when eating.
Oral Thrush
Oral thrush is a yeast infection that causes white, creamy bumps on the tongue, inner cheeks, or gums. It is most common in infants or people with weakened immune systems and can be treated with antifungal medications.
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
This viral infection causes painful red blisters in the mouth, on the hands, and feet. It is more common in children under five but typically resolves within 7 to 10 days.
Leukoplakia
Leukoplakia appears as thick white patches on the tongue or mouth lining and is often seen in tobacco users. While generally harmless, 1-9% of cases can develop into oral cancer.
Oral Lichen Planus
A chronic inflammatory disorder, oral lichen planus causes white, lacy patches or red, swollen areas in the mouth. It is not contagious but may cause pain and discomfort when eating or brushing teeth.
Celiac Disease
Celiac disease, triggered by gluten, damages the small intestine and can lead to mouth sores, stomach pain, diarrhea, and anemia. A gluten-free diet can help manage this chronic condition.
Mouth Cancer
Mouth cancer can present as ulcers, white or red patches inside the mouth, and may cause unexplained weight loss, bleeding gums, or ear pain. Early detection through biopsy can improve outcomes.
Pemphigus Vulgaris
This rare autoimmune disorder causes painful blisters on the mouth and other mucous membranes. Treatment usually involves corticosteroids.
Symptoms of Mouth Sores
Common symptoms of mouth sores include:
- Redness and pain
- Burning or tingling sensations
- Blisters or ulcers that make it difficult to eat, drink, or talk
If you experience large sores, recurring outbreaks, or other symptoms like fever, joint pain, or rash, seek medical advice.
Causes of Mouth Sores
Mouth sores can result from:
- Biting or burning your mouth
- Trauma from braces, retainers, or dentures
- Smoking or tobacco use
- Viral infections like herpes simplex or mononucleosis
- Autoimmune disorders or cancer treatments
Diagnosis and Treatment of Mouth Sores
Mouth sores often heal on their own, but persistent or unexplained sores should be evaluated by a doctor. Treatments may include medications for pain relief, anti-inflammatory drugs, or antibiotics for infections.
Home remedies to alleviate symptoms include:
- Gargling with salt water
- Eating cold foods like ice pops
- Avoiding spicy, hot, or salty foods
- Applying baking soda paste to the sores
Prevention of Mouth Sores
While some mouth sores cannot be prevented, you can reduce your risk by:
- Practicing good oral hygiene
- Avoiding tobacco and alcohol
- Managing stress
- Eating a balanced diet with sufficient vitamins
- Using a soft-bristled toothbrush
Takeaway
Mouth sores are common and usually resolve within 1 to 2 weeks. If sores persist or recur frequently, it may indicate an underlying condition. Seek medical advice if necessary, and consider simple home remedies or over-the-counter treatments for relief.